Hydration Glossary
Understand hydration, water science, and wellness without the confusion. This glossary gives you plain-language, science-backed definitions of the most important terms in water education — all organized for clarity and confidence.
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CONTAMINANTS
Substances in water that may pose health risks, including heavy metals, radiological elements, and certain naturally occurring minerals. These are typically tracked in water quality reports and regulated by safety standards.
WATER QUALITY REPORTS & REGULATIONS
Covers terms commonly found in Consumer Confidence Reports (CCRs) and other public water disclosures. This includes regulatory limits, goals, and performance metrics used to evaluate water safety.
WATER SAFETY & DISINFECTION
Includes processes, alerts, and substances related to keeping water microbiologically safe. This may involve chemical disinfection, system violations, or public health responses like boil water notices.
CHEMICALS
Refers to synthetic or naturally occurring substances found in water, including industrial byproducts, treatment additives, agricultural runoff, and other compounds. These may be regulated due to potential health risks.
BACTERIA & MICROORGANISMS
Includes microscopic organisms that may be present in water, such as bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. These are monitored for their potential health impacts and are often indicators of water safety.
HYDRATION & HUMAN HEALTH
Explores how water and hydration influence physical and mental well-being, including topics like cellular hydration, electrolytes, inflammation, and brain function. Grounded in science-backed principles.
FILTRATION SYSTEMS
Covers the tools, stages, and technologies used to remove impurities from water. This includes common household filters, specialized cartridges, and large-scale systems designed to improve water quality.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & SUSTAINABLE HYDRATION
Focuses on how hydration choices affect the environment, including plastic waste, water conservation, and long-term sustainability. This category includes both challenges and eco-conscious solutions.
WATER SCIENCE & CHEMISTRY
This category covers the fundamental scientific properties and processes that define water’s composition, behavior, and how it interacts with the human body and filtration systems. It includes terms related to measurement, molecular characteristics, and transformation through technologies like electrolysis.
WATER SOURCES
Describes where drinking water originates — including surface water, groundwater, aquifers, and wells. Understanding water sources helps explain quality variations and treatment needs.
WATER TYPES
Defines different forms of water people encounter or consume, from bottled and filtered to mineral, spring, and hydrogen-rich water. This category helps clarify labels and treatment methods.
WATER ENHANCEMENT DEVICES
Describes technologies that go beyond basic filtration, such as water ionizers and hydrogen water generators. These devices aim to alter water’s properties for perceived wellness benefits.
TESTING TOOLS & MEASUREMENT DEVICES
Covers tools and kits used to measure water quality at home or in the field. These include devices for testing pH, chlorine, hardness, hydrogen levels, and other indicators of water composition and safety.
REGULATORY & REFERENCE ORGANIZATIONS
Includes agencies, institutions, certifications, and tools that guide water safety, public health, and regulatory compliance. These terms often appear in water reports or consumer education.
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1,4-DIOXANE
Scientific Definition: A synthetic industrial chemical used in manufacturing and solvents; classified as a likely human carcinogen and a common groundwater contaminant.
Plain-Language Explanation: A chemical sometimes found in drinking water that may come from industrial pollution. It’s considered a possible health risk even at low levels.
Why It Matters: Even trace amounts may pose long-term health risks. Understanding its presence helps guide better filtration choices.
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Water Treatment Plant
A
Scientific Definition: A regulatory threshold set by the EPA that, when exceeded, requires water systems to undertake additional monitoring, treatment, or public notification.
Plain-Language Explanation: The level of a contaminant in water that, if exceeded, requires a public water system to take action like notifying customers or improving treatment.
Why It Matters: Tells you when water systems must take action. Helps you know if your water is close to exceeding safe levels.
Associated Terms: Lead, Copper
ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER
Scientific Definition: A filtration medium composed of carbon granules or blocks designed to adsorb organic compounds, chlorine, and certain contaminants from water.
Plain-Language Explanation: A type of water filter that uses carbon to remove bad tastes, odors, and some chemicals from tap water.
Why It Matters: Knowing what this filter removes helps you choose the right solution for improving taste and safety.
Other Names Used: Charcoal Filter, Carbon Block Filter
Associated Terms: Filtration, Catalytic Carbon Filter, Water Ionizer
ALKALINE WATER
Scientific Definition: Water with a pH above 7, often produced through ionization or mineral addition, theorized to neutralize acidity in the body.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water with a higher pH than regular tap water, often marketed as healthier but still debated by scientists.
Why It Matters: Often misunderstood — knowing the facts helps you make informed choices without falling for marketing claims.
Other Names Used: High pH Water, Ionized Alkaline Water
Associated Terms: pH Level, Bottled Water
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 23883571 – “Effect of electrolyzed high-pH alkaline water on blood viscosity in healthy adults”
ALKALINITY
Scientific Definition: The water's capacity to resist changes in pH that would make it more acidic, typically measured by the concentration of bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions.
Plain-Language Explanation: How well water can neutralize acids — higher alkalinity can help prevent corrosion in pipes.
Why It Matters: High or low alkalinity can affect pipe corrosion and water balance. It helps you understand how 'stable' your water is.
Other Names Used: Buffering Capacity
Associated Terms: pH Level, Alkaline Water
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION (AWWA)
Scientific Definition: A nonprofit organization that develops standards, promotes research, and provides education to support safe and sustainable water practices.
Plain-Language Explanation: A professional organization that helps set standards and provide education about safe drinking water.
Why It Matters: Helps set safety standards. Knowing the source of best practices builds trust in the water system.
Associated Terms: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Water Utility.
ANION EXCHANGE
Scientific Definition: A water treatment process where negatively charged contaminants (like nitrate, arsenic, or sulfate) are exchanged with less harmful ions through a synthetic resin.
Plain-Language Explanation: A water treatment process that swaps unwanted negatively charged particles (like nitrates) with safer ones.
Why It Matters: Targeted filtration method that removes specific harmful contaminants. Important for households near agriculture or industry.
Associated Terms: Ion Exchange, Cation Exchange
ANNUAL WATER QUALITY REPORT
Scientific Definition: Also known as the Consumer Confidence Report (CCR), this annual document outlines the source, contaminants, and regulatory compliance of a community water system.
Plain-Language Explanation: A yearly summary from your water utility that shows where your water comes from and what’s in it.
Why It Matters: Your official guide to what’s in your tap water. Reading it empowers you to take action when needed.
Other Names Used: Consumer Confidence Report (CCR)
Associated Terms: CCR, Detected Range, MCL
ANTIOXIDANTS
Scientific Definition: Molecules that neutralize free radicals by donating electrons, helping to prevent oxidative stress in cells and tissues.
Plain-Language Explanation: Substances that help protect your body’s cells from damage caused by stress or pollution.
Why It Matters: May protect cells from damage. Relevant if you're exploring hydrogen water or health-focused hydration solutions.
Other Names Used: Free Radical Scavengers
Associated Terms: Antioxidants, Oxidative Stress
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 32470649 – “Molecular hydrogen as a novel antioxidant: Overview of the advantages”
AQUIFER
Scientific Definition: A naturally occurring underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, sand, or gravel that can supply groundwater to wells and springs.
Plain-Language Explanation: An underground layer of rock or sand that stores water — a common source of drinking water for many communities.
Why It Matters: Knowing your water comes from an aquifer can alert you to risks like agricultural runoff or natural contamination.
Associated Terms: Groundwater, Source Water
ARSENIC
Scientific Definition: A toxic metalloid element that occurs naturally in soil and rock; inorganic arsenic in water is linked to cancer and other serious health effects.
Plain-Language Explanation: A toxic chemical that can get into drinking water from rocks or pollution. It’s dangerous over time, so it must be filtered out.
Why It Matters: One of the most common and dangerous contaminants. Even at low levels, it can affect long-term health.
Other Names Used: As (chemical symbol), As(III), As(V)
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Health Goal, Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), Public Health Goal
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 16675414 – “Arsenic exposure and health effects”
ATRAZINE
Scientific Definition: A herbicide widely used in agriculture that can leach into groundwater and surface water, potentially disrupting endocrine function in humans.
Plain-Language Explanation: A common weed-killer that sometimes ends up in water sources near farms. It may affect health if found in large amounts.
Why It Matters: Linked to agricultural runoff. Important for those living in farming areas or relying on surface water.
Other Names Used: Triazine Herbicide
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Health Goal, Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 11333187 – “Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: An overview and human health perspectives”
B
BARIUM
Scientific Definition: A naturally occurring metal found in minerals and groundwater; high levels in drinking water may affect the cardiovascular system.
Plain-Language Explanation: A naturally occurring metal that can enter drinking water — safe in small amounts, but high levels may cause health problems.
Why It Matters: Safe in small amounts, but too much can pose health risks. Helps determine if additional filtering is needed.
Other Names Used: Ba (chemical symbol)
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Health Goal, Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 7477850 – “Health effects of barium: A literature review”
BIOAVAILABILITY
Scientific Definition: The proportion of a nutrient or substance that is absorbed and made available for use or storage in the body.
Plain-Language Explanation: How easily your body can absorb and use nutrients — in hydration, it refers to how well your water supports cellular function.
Why It Matters: Drives how well your body absorbs water and nutrients — a key factor in choosing truly hydrating water.
Associated Terms: Hydration, Cellular Hydration
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 30650510 – “Bioavailability of minerals and the effect of anti-nutrients on their absorption”
BOIL WATER ADVISORY
Scientific Definition: A public health directive issued by water authorities when drinking water is potentially contaminated with pathogens and should be boiled before use.
Plain-Language Explanation: A public warning telling people to boil their water before using it because it might be unsafe to drink.
Why It Matters: Tells you when your water may be unsafe. Acting on it protects you from illness or infection.
Associated Terms: Public Water System, Boil Water Advisory
BOTTLED WATER
Scientific Definition: Water sealed in containers for consumption, sourced from springs, wells, or municipal systems, and may be filtered, purified, or mineral-enriched.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water sold in plastic or glass bottles — it can come from springs, municipal sources, or purified tap water.
Why It Matters: Not always safer than tap. Knowing the pros and cons helps you reduce waste and make healthier choices.
Other Names Used: Packaged Water
Associated Terms: Plastic Waste, Sustainable Hydration
C
CATALYTIC CARBON FILTER
Scientific Definition: An advanced form of activated carbon with enhanced surface chemistry, enabling the removal of chloramine, hydrogen sulfide, and VOCs.
Plain-Language Explanation: An advanced type of carbon filter that removes chlorine, chloramine, and some harmful chemicals more effectively.
Why It Matters: Offers broader contaminant removal than basic carbon. Useful if your water contains chemicals like chloramine.
Associated Terms: Activated Carbon Filter, Filtration
CATION EXCHANGE
Scientific Definition: A water softening process that replaces hardness-causing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium or potassium ions via resin beads.
Plain-Language Explanation: A filtration method that replaces hard water minerals like calcium with softer minerals like sodium.
Why It Matters: Removes minerals that cause hard water. Helps protect appliances and improve water softness.
Associated Terms: Ion Exchange, Anion Exchange
CELLULAR HYDRATION
Scientific Definition: The process by which water enters and maintains balance within cells, supporting critical physiological functions like energy production and waste removal.
Plain-Language Explanation: The process of water entering your cells to keep them working properly — the goal of drinking truly hydrating water.
Why It Matters: The ultimate goal of good water — knowing this helps you choose water that supports energy and health at the cellular level.
Associated Terms: Hydration, Electrolytes
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC)
Scientific Definition: The national public health agency of the United States responsible for disease surveillance, health education, and emergency response.
Plain-Language Explanation: A U.S. public health agency that monitors diseases and offers guidance on safe drinking water.
Why It Matters: They set disease prevention guidelines. Their insights back the science behind water safety.
Associated Terms: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), EPA
CHLORAMINE
Scientific Definition: A chemical compound of chlorine and ammonia used as a secondary disinfectant in water treatment for its stability and longer-lasting effects.
Plain-Language Explanation: A disinfectant made from chlorine and ammonia used to kill germs in tap water — it lasts longer than chlorine.
Why It Matters: TA long-lasting disinfectant. Knowing if it’s in your water helps you choose filters that actually work.
Associated Terms: Chlorine, Chloramine
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 16140615 – “Health risk assessment for chloramine exposure during water disinfection”
CHLORINE
Scientific Definition: A chemical disinfectant added to municipal water to kill bacteria and viruses; regulated due to its potential to form disinfection byproducts.
Plain-Language Explanation: A chemical commonly added to water to kill germs. It keeps water safe but may affect taste and smell.
Why It Matters: Keeps water safe but can cause taste, smell, or skin issues. Important to know for filter or health choices.
Associated Terms: Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), Chloramine
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ es, example: PMID: 14607268 – “Chlorination disinfection by-products and risk of congenital anomalies in England and Wales”
CHLORINE TEST STRIPS
Scientific Definition: Single-use strips coated with reagents that react with chlorine in water, providing a visual concentration reading for testing purposes.
Plain-Language Explanation: Simple tools you dip into water to check for chlorine levels — helpful for tracking water quality at home.
Why It Matters: Let you verify chlorine levels at home. Useful for evaluating your filter or detecting over-chlorination.
Associated Terms: Water, Chlorine
CHROMIUM-6
Scientific Definition: A toxic form of the element chromium; linked to cancer and other health risks when ingested in drinking water over long periods.
Plain-Language Explanation: A cancer-linked metal found in some water supplies — made famous by the Erin Brockovich case.
Why It Matters: A cancer-linked contaminant. Knowing your exposure risk can guide important filtration and health decisions.
Other Names Used: Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI)
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Health Goal, Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), Public Health Goal
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 16882540 – “Hexavalent chromium and lung cancer in the chromate industry: A quantitative risk assessment”
COGNITIVE FUNCTION
Scientific Definition: The set of mental abilities that include memory, attention, reasoning, and decision-making, all of which can be impacted by hydration.
Plain-Language Explanation: How your brain processes information — hydration plays a key role in memory, focus, and thinking clearly.
Why It Matters: Hydration affects how clearly you think. This connection motivates smarter water habits for mental performance.
Associated Terms: Hydration, Mental Clarity
CONDUCTIVITY
Scientific Definition: A measure of water’s ability to conduct an electrical current, directly related to the concentration of dissolved salts and ions.
Plain-Language Explanation: A measure of how well water can carry electricity — often linked to the amount of dissolved minerals or salts.
Why It Matters: An indirect measure of dissolved substances in your water — helps identify mineral content or pollution.
Other Names Used: Conductivity Meter, Water Quality Tester
Associated Terms: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Water Hardness Test Kit
CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT (CCR)
Scientific Definition: An annual report provided by public water systems that details water source, detected contaminants, and compliance with EPA drinking water standards.
Plain-Language Explanation: The official water quality report from your local water supplier — tells you what’s in your water and if it meets safety standards.
Why It Matters: Empowers you to understand what’s in your water and whether it meets safety standards.
Other Names Used: Annual Water Quality Report
Associated Terms: Annual Water Quality Report, Detected Range
CONTAMINANT
Scientific Definition: Any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance in water that may pose a health risk or alter water quality.
Plain-Language Explanation: Any substance in water that isn’t supposed to be there — some are harmless, others can be dangerous to your health.
Why It Matters: Understanding what counts as a contaminant helps you filter water effectively and avoid unnecessary worry.
Associated Terms: Annual Water Quality Report, Detected RangeArsenic, Atrazine, Lead, PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances), Nitrates / Nitrites, Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs)
COPPER
Scientific Definition: A metal that can leach into drinking water from pipes and plumbing; high exposure may cause gastrointestinal and liver issues.
Plain-Language Explanation: A metal that can enter drinking water from plumbing — too much can cause stomach problems or other health issues.
Why It Matters: May leach from plumbing. Important to know if you live in an older home or notice green stains or bitter taste.
Other Names Used: Cu (chemical symbol)
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Lead, Action Level (AL), Water Treatment Plant
CROSS-CONNECTION
Scientific Definition: A point where non-potable water or other substances can potentially enter a potable water system due to backflow or siphoning.
Plain-Language Explanation: A plumbing connection where dirty water might accidentally mix with clean water — it’s a safety hazard.
Why It Matters: Can cause contaminated water to flow back into clean lines. Key for preventing serious water safety risks.
Associated Terms: Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), Chlorine, E. coli
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
Scientific Definition: A chlorine-resistant parasite found in contaminated water that causes gastrointestinal illness through ingestion of oocysts.
Plain-Language Explanation: A microscopic parasite that can cause stomach illness if it gets into drinking water — hard to kill with chlorine.
Why It Matters: Resistant to chlorine. Knowing if it’s a risk in your area helps guide advanced filtration choices.
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Water Quality Standards
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 20888850 – “Cryptosporidiosis: An update and review of the literature”
D
DEHYDRATION
Scientific Definition: A condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake, impairing bodily functions such as temperature regulation and cognitive performance.
Plain-Language Explanation: When your body doesn’t have enough water — causing tiredness, dizziness, or confusion.
Why It Matters: One of the most common and preventable health issues. Knowing the signs helps you stay energized and well.
Other Names Used: Fluid Deficiency
Associated Terms: Hydration, Electrolytes
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 22855911 – “Mild dehydration impairs cognitive performance and mood of men”
DETECTED RANGE
Scientific Definition: The span between the lowest and highest concentration of a contaminant detected during water quality testing within a given timeframe.
Plain-Language Explanation: The highest and lowest levels of a contaminant that were found in your drinking water during testing.
Why It Matters: Shows how much of a contaminant was found in your water — helps you understand exposure risk and safety.
Associated Terms: Consumer Confidence Report (CCR), MCL
DISCHARGE
Scientific Definition: The flow or release of water and any substances it carries from a pipe, drainage ditch, or treatment facility into a water source.
Plain-Language Explanation: The release of water or waste into the environment — can carry contaminants into drinking water sources.
Why It Matters: Can carry pollutants into drinking water sources — understanding discharge helps protect water quality near you.
Associated Terms: Cryptosporidium, E. coli, Contaminant
DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS (DBPS)
Scientific Definition: Chemical compounds formed when disinfectants like chlorine react with natural organic matter in water; some are linked to health risks.
Plain-Language Explanation: Chemicals formed when disinfectants like chlorine react with natural material in water — some can be harmful.
Why It Matters: Linked to long-term health risks — knowing about them helps guide your filtration choices.
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Haloacetic Acids (HAA5), Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs), Chlorine
DISTILLED WATER
Scientific Definition: Water that has been purified by boiling into steam and then condensing it back into a liquid, leaving most contaminants behind.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water that’s been boiled into steam and then condensed — removing minerals and most contaminants.
Why It Matters: Very pure but may lack minerals. Important to know if you're considering it for regular drinking or health reasons.
Associated Terms: Filtered Water, Distilled Water
E
E. COLI
Scientific Definition: A species of bacteria that indicates fecal contamination in water; certain strains can cause severe illness if ingested.
Plain-Language Explanation: A type of bacteria that can show up in drinking water if it’s contaminated with human or animal waste.
Why It Matters: A serious sign of contamination. If detected, your water may be unsafe to drink without boiling or filtering.
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Fecal Coliform, Total Coliform Bacteria
ELECTROLYSIS
Scientific Definition: A chemical process that uses an electric current to split water into acidic and alkaline components, used in water ionizers.
Plain-Language Explanation: A process that uses electricity to split water into acidic and alkaline parts — used in some water enhancement machines.
Why It Matters: Powers many water enhancement devices — understanding it helps you evaluate claims about hydrogen or alkaline water.
Associated Terms: Hydrogen Water, Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW)
ELECTROLYTES
Scientific Definition: Charged minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium that help regulate hydration, nerve function, and muscle activity.
Plain-Language Explanation: Minerals in water (like sodium and potassium) that help your body stay hydrated and support nerve and muscle function.
Why It Matters: Essential for hydration, energy, and muscle function. Important to understand if you're active or dehydrated.
Associated Terms: Hydration, Sports Drinks
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 29773999 – “Electrolyte and fluid balance in sports nutrition”
ELECTROLYZED HYDROGEN WATER (EHW)
Scientific Definition: Water enriched with dissolved molecular hydrogen through electrolysis, studied for its antioxidant properties and potential cellular benefits.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water that’s been enhanced with dissolved hydrogen using electrolysis — sometimes marketed for antioxidant benefits.
Why It Matters: May contain molecular hydrogen. Helps guide informed decisions about antioxidant water technologies.
Other Names Used: Hydrogen-Rich Alkaline Water
Associated Terms: Electrolysis, Hydrogen Water
ELECTROLYZED REDUCED WATER (ERW)
Scientific Definition: Alkaline water generated via electrolysis, often containing dissolved hydrogen and a negative oxidation-reduction potential.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water created through electrolysis that has a higher pH and may contain dissolved hydrogen.
Why It Matters: Often marketed for health benefits. Knowing what it is helps avoid confusion around alkaline water.
Other Names Used: Alkaline Ionized Water, Reduced Water
Associated Terms: Electrolysis, Hydrogen Water
ENFORCEMENT AND COMPLIANCE HISTORY ONLINE (EPA ECHO DATABASE)
Scientific Definition: A public EPA database that tracks compliance history of water systems and environmental regulations, including violations and enforcement actions.
Plain-Language Explanation: A public EPA tool showing whether local water systems are following federal safety rules.
Why It Matters: Shows if your local utility follows water safety laws — helps build trust or raise awareness.
Associated Terms: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Monitoring Violation
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)
Scientific Definition: The U.S. federal agency responsible for regulating drinking water quality and enforcing environmental protection laws.
Plain-Language Explanation: The U.S. government agency that sets and enforces standards for safe drinking water.
Why It Matters: Sets national standards for water safety — knowing this builds confidence in regulations or identifies gaps.
Other Names Used: EPA
Associated Terms: NSF Certification, MCL, Health Goal
EPA SAFE DRINKING WATER HOTLINE
Scientific Definition: A species of bacteria that indicates fecal contamination in water; certain strains can cause severe illness if ingested.
Plain-Language Explanation: A public hotline established by the EPA to answer consumer questions related to drinking water safety and regulations.
Why It Matters: Direct access to federal water experts — a helpful tool if you have specific concerns or need guidance.
Associated Terms: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
F
FECAL COLIFORM
Scientific Definition: A group of bacteria found in human and animal feces, used as an indicator of water contamination and potential presence of pathogens.
Plain-Language Explanation: Bacteria found in human or animal waste — if found in drinking water, it’s a sign the water may be unsafe.
Why It Matters: Signals possible contamination from waste — helps you take action to protect your health.
Associated Terms: Contaminant, E. coli, Total Coliform Bacteria
FILTERED WATER
Scientific Definition: Water that has passed through a device or media designed to remove impurities, such as sediment, chlorine, or contaminants.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water that has been cleaned using a filter to remove contaminants like chlorine, lead, or sediment.
Why It Matters: Can improve safety, taste, and confidence — understanding your options empowers smarter water choices.
Other Names Used: Purified Water
Associated Terms: Filtration, Water Ionizer
FILTRATION
Scientific Definition: A physical or chemical process in which water is passed through a material or system to remove impurities and contaminants.
Plain-Language Explanation: The process of removing particles or contaminants from water using a barrier like carbon, sand, or membranes.
Why It Matters: One of the most effective ways to protect your health — knowing how it works and what’s in your water — helps you choose the right system.
Associated Terms: Activated Carbon Filter, Ion Exchange, Sediment Filter
FLUORIDE
Scientific Definition: A mineral added to drinking water in many areas to prevent tooth decay; overexposure may lead to dental or skeletal fluorosis.
Plain-Language Explanation: A mineral sometimes added to drinking water to help prevent cavities — too much can cause health issues.
Why It Matters: Supports dental health but can be controversial — knowing the level in your water helps you choose what’s right for your family.
Other Names Used: Fluorine Ion
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Fluoride Filter, Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), Health Goal
FLUORIDE FILTER
Scientific Definition: A specialized filter designed to reduce fluoride concentrations in drinking water using media such as activated alumina or bone char.
Plain-Language Explanation: A filter designed to reduce fluoride levels in drinking water.
Why It Matters: Lets you reduce fluoride if desired — important for households with personal preferences or health concerns.
Associated Terms: Fluoride, Filtration
G
GLACIER WATER
Scientific Definition: Water sourced from melting glaciers, often collected from glacial runoff or nearby aquifers.
Plain-Language Explanation: Glacier water comes from melted glacier ice. It flows into rivers or underground and is sometimes bottled for drinking.
Why It Matters: Though often marketed as pure and mineral-rich, glacier water can still contain natural contaminants from surrounding rock or pollution. Knowing the source doesn’t guarantee safety — testing and treatment may still be needed.
Other Names Used: Glacial meltwater, glacier spring water
Associated Terms: Spring Water, Mineral Water
GROUNDWATER
Scientific Definition: Water located beneath the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and rock formations, often used as a drinking water source.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water found underground in soil or rock — used by many communities as a drinking water source.
Why It Matters: Supplies drinking water to millions — understanding its risks and benefits helps guide testing and treatment decisions.
Other Names Used: Aquifer-Sourced Water
Associated Terms: Aquifer, Water
H
H₂ TEST KIT (H2 BLUE)
Scientific Definition: A reagent-based test used to detect and quantify the concentration of dissolved molecular hydrogen (H₂) in water, often measured in parts per million (ppm).
Plain-Language Explanation: A simple drop test used to check if water contains dissolved hydrogen — often used with hydrogen water machines to measure antioxidant potential.
Why It Matters: Helps you verify if hydrogen is actually present in your water — important for testing the effectiveness of hydrogen water generators.
Associated Terms: Molecular Hydrogen (H₂), ORP Meter
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 32679397 – “Therapeutic potential of molecular hydrogen in health and disease
HALOACETIC ACIDS (HAA5)
Scientific Definition: A reagent-based test used to detect and quantify the concentration of dissolved molecular hydrogen (H₂) in water, often measured in parts per million (ppm).
Plain-Language Explanation: A group of disinfection byproducts that may form when chlorine reacts with organic matter in water.
Why It Matters: Byproducts of chlorine disinfection — long-term exposure may pose risks, so filtration awareness is key.
Associated Terms: Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), Contaminant, Haloacetic Acids (HAA5), Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs)
HARDNESS (WATER)
Scientific Definition: A measure of calcium and magnesium ion concentration in water, often responsible for scale buildup and reduced soap efficiency.
Plain-Language Explanation: How much calcium and magnesium are in your water — hard water can leave residue on pipes and appliances.
Why It Matters: Affects appliances, plumbing, and soap use — knowing your water hardness helps with treatment decisions.
Associated Terms: Water Hardness Test Kit, Water Softener
HEALTH GOAL
Scientific Definition: A non-enforceable, health-based target level for a contaminant set by regulatory or scientific agencies to protect sensitive populations.
Plain-Language Explanation: The ideal level of a contaminant in drinking water based on health protection, not just legal safety limits.
Why It Matters: Health-based standards that are stricter than legal limits — important for families who want extra protection.
Associated Terms: MCLG, Health-Based Guideline
HEALTH-BASED GUIDELINE
Scientific Definition: An advisory limit for a contaminant in drinking water based on health risk assessment rather than regulatory enforcement.
Plain-Language Explanation: A health-focused limit or recommendation for a contaminant — often stricter than legal limits.
Why It Matters: Provides a better benchmark than legal limits — helps identify when action is needed even if water is 'legal.'
Other Names Used: Health Advisory Level, Non-Enforceable Limit
Associated Terms: Health Goal, MCL, MCLG
HEAVY METALS
Scientific Definition: Naturally occurring metallic elements with high atomic weight and density, such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and uranium. These metals can be toxic even at low concentrations and are closely monitored as water contaminants.
Plain-Language Explanation: A group of metals that can be harmful to human health if found in drinking water, including lead, arsenic, mercury, and uranium. They may come from natural deposits, old pipes, or industrial waste.
Why It Matters: Heavy metals can accumulate in the body over time, increasing the risk of serious health issues like nerve damage, kidney problems, or developmental delays, especially in children.
Other Names Used: Toxic Metals, Trace Metals
Associated Terms: Lead, Arsenic, Chromium-6, Uranium, Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 26832715 – “Heavy metals in drinking water and their environmental impact on human health”
HYDRATION
Scientific Definition: The physiological process of maintaining fluid balance in the body, essential for temperature regulation, cellular function, and metabolism.
Plain-Language Explanation: Keeping your body supplied with enough water to function properly — essential for energy, focus, and health.
Why It Matters: Fundamental to energy, digestion, and focus — understanding hydration empowers better daily habits.
Associated Terms: Hydration, Cellular Hydration
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 29677694 – “The importance of hydration for health and performance”
HYDROGEN WATER
Scientific Definition: Water containing dissolved molecular hydrogen (H₂), believed to act as an antioxidant and studied for its cellular protective effects.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water that contains dissolved molecular hydrogen — sometimes marketed for its antioxidant potential.
Why It Matters: Emerging hydration trend — knowing what it is helps you evaluate benefits and filter through the hype.
Other Names Used: Hydrogen-Rich Water, H₂ Water
Associated Terms: Electrolysis, Filtered Water
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 32679397 – “Therapeutic potential of molecular hydrogen in health and disease”
HYDROGEN WATER GENERATOR BOTTLE
Scientific Definition: A portable device that uses electrolysis to infuse water with molecular hydrogen for potential health and antioxidant benefits.
Plain-Language Explanation: A portable device that uses electrolysis to add hydrogen gas to drinking water.
Why It Matters: Popular in wellness circles — understanding its function helps you assess if it aligns with your needs.
Other Names Used: Portable Hydrogen Bottle, H₂ Water Bottle
Associated Terms: Hydrogen Water, Water Ionizer
I
INFLAMMATION
Scientific Definition: The body’s immune response to injury or stress; chronic inflammation is linked to various diseases and may be influenced by hydration status.
Plain-Language Explanation: Your body’s response to injury or stress — chronic inflammation can harm your health and may be worsened by poor hydration.
Why It Matters: Linked to many health issues — good hydration may help reduce inflammation and support recovery.
Associated Terms: Hydration, Oxidative Stress
ION EXCHANGE
Scientific Definition: A process where undesirable ions in water are replaced with more desirable ones, often used in water softeners and nitrate removal systems.
Plain-Language Explanation: A filtration process that replaces unwanted ions (like lead or nitrate) with safer ones.
Why It Matters: Key technology in many filters — helps remove harmful contaminants like lead or nitrates.
Other Names Used: Ion Replacement, Resin-Based Exchange
Associated Terms: Cation Exchange, Anion Exchange
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 31228987 – “Ion-exchange processes in water treatment: recent advances and applications”
IONIZED WATER
Scientific Definition: Alkaline or acidic water produced through electrolysis, separated based on pH and oxidation-reduction potential.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water that’s been processed through electrolysis to raise the pH and sometimes add hydrogen.
Why It Matters: Common in water ionizers — knowing the process helps you see past marketing to what’s scientifically supported.
Other Names Used: Electrolyzed Water, Alkaline Ionized Water
Associated Terms: Electrolysis, Alkaline Water
IRON OXIDE ADSORPTION
Scientific Definition: A filtration technique that removes contaminants like arsenic and fluoride using iron-based media to bind and capture pollutants.
Plain-Language Explanation: A water treatment method that uses iron-based media to remove contaminants like arsenic or fluoride.
Why It Matters: Used to reduce specific contaminants — helpful to know when evaluating advanced filtration systems.
Associated Terms: Lead, Filtration
L
LEAD
Scientific Definition: A toxic heavy metal that can leach into drinking water from old pipes or fixtures, particularly harmful to children and pregnant women.
Plain-Language Explanation: A toxic metal that can enter water through old pipes or plumbing — especially harmful to children and pregnant women.
Why It Matters: Toxic even at low levels — one of the most important contaminants to be aware of in household water.
Other Names Used: Pb (chemical symbol)
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Copper, Action Level (AL), Lead Filter, Health Goal
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 21783504 – “Lead exposure and its impact on children’s health”
LEAD FILTER
Scientific Definition: A water filtration unit designed to reduce or remove lead from drinking water using certified media such as activated carbon or ion exchange.
Plain-Language Explanation: A filter specifically designed to remove lead from drinking water.
Why It Matters: Crucial for homes with old plumbing — helps prevent lead exposure and protect your family's health.
Associated Terms: Lead, Filtration, Copper
LEGIONELLA
Scientific Definition: A genus of pathogenic bacteria that thrives in warm water systems between 77-108°F and causes Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia, when contaminated water droplets are inhaled.
Plain-Language Explanation: Bacteria that grows in water heaters, cooling towers, hot tubs, and stagnant pipes. Spreads through mist from showers, faucets, and air conditioning systems - not by drinking water.
Why It Matters: Causes Legionnaires' disease, which is fatal in 10% of cases, with higher mortality rates for elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Thrives in water systems between 77-108°F, making water heaters, hot tubs, and cooling towers ideal breeding grounds. Spreads through inhaled water mist, not through drinking. Outbreaks are most common in hotels, hospitals, and large buildings with complex water systems.
Other Names Used: Legionnaires' Disease Bacteria, Legionella pneumophila
Associated Terms: E. coli, Total Coliform Bacteria, Water Treatment
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 31758462 -- "Legionella and Legionnaires' disease: 25 years of investigation"
LOCAL WATER PROVIDER
Scientific Definition: A utility or municipality responsible for sourcing, treating, and delivering drinking water to residents in a defined service area.
Plain-Language Explanation: The company or city department responsible for delivering tap water to your home.
Why It Matters: Your first resource for water reports and quality updates — knowing who they are helps you stay informed.
Associated Terms: Public Water System (PWS), Water Utility
M
MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL (MCL)
Scientific Definition: The highest concentration of a contaminant legally allowed in public drinking water under the U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act.
Plain-Language Explanation: The highest legal amount of a contaminant allowed in drinking water under EPA rules.
Why It Matters: Tells you the legal safety limit for each contaminant — essential for reading water reports.
Associated Terms: MCL, MCLG, Health Goal
MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL GOAL (MCLG)
Scientific Definition: A health-based drinking water contaminant level below which no known or anticipated adverse health effects are expected to occur.
Plain-Language Explanation: The ideal health-based level for a contaminant — often set at zero for dangerous substances.
Why It Matters: Ideal health-based limit — useful for understanding if ‘legal’ water is truly safe.
Other Names Used: Health Goal, PHG (in California)
Associated Terms: Health Goal, MCL
MENTAL CLARITY
Scientific Definition: A cognitive state characterized by clear thinking and focus, which can be influenced by hydration and electrolyte balance.
Plain-Language Explanation: Your ability to think clearly and focus — proper hydration can improve alertness and reduce brain fog.
Why It Matters: Often overlooked — hydration can improve focus, memory, and mental sharpness throughout your day.
Associated Terms: Hydration, Cognitive Function
MICROPLASTICS
Scientific Definition: Tiny plastic fragments less than 5 millimeters in size found in water due to pollution or breakdown of larger plastics.
Plain-Language Explanation: Tiny plastic particles found in water — they come from bottled water, pollution, and worn-down plastics.
Why It Matters: Tiny plastic particles in bottled and tap water — knowing about them encourages smart filtration and sustainable habits.
Other Names Used: Plastic Particulates, Plastic Debris
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Plastic Waste, Reusable Bottles
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 30784978 – “Occurrence, toxic effects and risk assessment of microplastics in the environment”
MINERAL WATER
Scientific Definition: Naturally sourced water that contains dissolved minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium, often bottled and consumed for taste and health benefits.
Plain-Language Explanation: Bottled water that naturally contains minerals like calcium or magnesium — often from a spring source.
Why It Matters: May offer health benefits due to natural minerals — important for people who want alternatives to purified water.
Associated Terms: Mineral Water, Remineralization Cartridge
MOLECULAR HYDROGEN (H₂)
Scientific Definition: A diatomic gas composed of two hydrogen atoms; when dissolved in water, it may provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Plain-Language Explanation: The smallest molecule in the universe — when added to water, it may help reduce oxidative stress.
Why It Matters: A promising area of hydration science — knowing the facts helps you explore its role in wellness without confusion.
Other Names Used: H₂, Dissolved Hydrogen
Associated Terms: ORP Meter, Electrolysis
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 34145860 – “Molecular hydrogen: A therapeutic antioxidant and beyond”
MONITORING VIOLATION
Scientific Definition: A failure by a water utility to conduct required sampling or submit testing results in accordance with regulatory timelines.
Plain-Language Explanation: When a water utility fails to test or report water quality properly — even if the water is safe, this must be disclosed.
Why It Matters: Even if the water is safe, a missed test means the system didn’t follow safety rules — transparency matters.
Associated Terms: MCL, EPA ECHO
MUNICIPAL WATER
Scientific Definition: Water provided by a city or public utility that is treated and distributed through a centralized water supply system.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water provided by a city or town — also called tap water, and typically treated and regulated by law.
Why It Matters: Understanding the source of your tap water helps you ask the right questions and evaluate its quality.
Associated Terms: Public Water System, Water Utility
N
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES (NIEHS)
Scientific Definition: A U.S. federal research institute focused on understanding environmental influences on human health, including drinking water safety.
Plain-Language Explanation: A federal research agency that studies how the environment affects human health.
Why It Matters: Helps drive water safety research — builds credibility behind public health guidelines.
Associated Terms: Public Health Goal, Health Goal
NITRATES / NITRITES
Scientific Definition: Nitrogen-based compounds often found in fertilizers; elevated levels in drinking water can cause serious health risks, particularly for infants.
Plain-Language Explanation: Chemicals often found in fertilizer or animal waste — can contaminate water and pose a risk, especially to babies.
Why It Matters: Dangerous at high levels — especially for babies. Knowing your levels helps you choose the right filter.
Other Names Used: NO₃⁻ / NO₂⁻
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Health Goal, Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 21430774 – “Health effects of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water”
NSF CERTIFICATION
Scientific Definition: A designation awarded by NSF International confirming that a product has been tested and meets public health and safety standards.
Plain-Language Explanation: A mark that shows a filter or product has been tested and meets safety and performance standards.
Why It Matters: A trusted mark that confirms a product meets safety standards — helps you choose effective filters.
Other Names Used: NSF Seal, NSF/ANSI Standard
Associated Terms: NSF International (NSF Certification)
NSF INTERNATIONAL (NSF CERTIFICATION)
Scientific Definition: An independent organization that develops public health standards and certifies products including water filtration systems for safety and performance.
Plain-Language Explanation: The organization that runs NSF certification, testing water filters and other health-related products.
Why It Matters: Knowing who provides the certification helps you trust filter labels and make informed purchases.
Associated Terms: NSF Certification
O
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT (OEHHA)
Scientific Definition: A California agency that evaluates health risks of environmental contaminants and establishes safety levels for public exposure.
Plain-Language Explanation: A California agency that evaluates health risks from chemicals in the environment, including drinking water.
Why It Matters: A key advisor for water health in California — adds another layer of protection.
Associated Terms: EPA, Health Goal, MCL
ORP METER
Scientific Definition: A digital device that measures oxidation-reduction potential in millivolts (mV), indicating water's ability to oxidize or reduce substances.
Plain-Language Explanation: A tool that measures a water’s ability to act as an antioxidant or oxidant — used in testing ionized or hydrogen water.
Why It Matters: Useful for testing antioxidant potential in water — especially with hydrogen or ionized systems.
Associated Terms: ORP, Hydrogen Water
OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL (ORP)
Scientific Definition: A measure of a solution’s capacity to either release or accept electrons, often used to assess water's oxidative or antioxidative properties.
Plain-Language Explanation: A way to measure if water tends to promote oxidation (damage) or reduction (protection) — linked to antioxidant potential.
Why It Matters: Used to measure antioxidant properties — helps people understand if water may support cell health.
Other Names Used: Redox Potential
Associated Terms: Molecular Hydrogen (H₂), ORP Meter
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 21167846 – “Redox potential: importance in modern food preservation and water treatment”
OXIDATIVE STRESS
Scientific Definition: A physiological condition where the production of reactive oxygen species exceeds the body's antioxidant defenses, leading to cellular damage.
Plain-Language Explanation: A condition where harmful molecules (free radicals) outweigh your body’s defenses — proper hydration may help reduce it.
Why It Matters: Linked to aging and chronic illness — knowing how hydration and antioxidants can help may improve wellness.
Associated Terms: Inflammation, Antioxidants
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 26735581 – “Oxidative stress and disease: fact or fiction?”
P
PARTS PER BILLION (PPB)
Scientific Definition: A unit of measurement equal to one part substance per billion parts of water — used for detecting trace contaminants.
Plain-Language Explanation: A unit of measurement used in water testing — 1 ppb equals one drop of water in an Olympic-sized pool.
Why It Matters: Important for reading reports — even tiny amounts of contaminants can affect health over time.
Other Names Used: μg/L (Micrograms per Liter)
Associated Terms: Detected Range, MCL
PARTS PER MILLION (PPM)
Scientific Definition: A unit of concentration representing one part solute per million parts of solution — commonly used to express TDS and other water contents.
Plain-Language Explanation: Another measurement unit — 1 ppm means one part of a substance per million parts of water.
Why It Matters: Used in water testing for minerals and hydrogen — helpful when comparing filtration or hydration tools.
Other Names Used: mg/L (Milligrams per Liter)
Associated Terms: Detected Range, MCL
PERCENT OF MCL
Scientific Definition: A calculated value showing the detected concentration of a contaminant as a percentage of the EPA’s legal Maximum Contaminant Level.
Plain-Language Explanation: Shows how much of the legal contaminant limit was reached in your water — 50% means it’s halfway to the legal limit.
Why It Matters: Shows how close a contaminant is to the legal limit — makes water reports easier to understand.
Other Names Used: % of Legal Limit
Associated Terms: MCL, Health Goal
PERCENT OF HEALTH GOAL (PHG/MCLG)
Scientific Definition: A calculated percentage comparing a contaminant’s presence in water to the health-based guideline or goal, such as the MCLG or PHG.
Plain-Language Explanation: Compares contaminant levels in your water to ideal health standards — lower percentages are better.
Why It Matters: Compares water safety to ideal health standards — important for families seeking extra protection.
Other Names Used: % of Health-Based Guideline
Associated Terms: Health Goal, MCL
PERCHLORATE
Scientific Definition: A chemical used in explosives and rocket fuel; it may contaminate water and disrupt thyroid function at high concentrations.
Plain-Language Explanation: A chemical used in rocket fuel and explosives — can contaminate water and affect the thyroid gland.
Why It Matters: A toxic chemical linked to thyroid problems — knowing if it’s in your water helps you take action.
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Health Goal, Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 11564613 – “Perchlorate exposure and thyroid function: current perspectives and future research needs”
PFAS (PER- AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES)
Scientific Definition: A class of synthetic chemicals known for persistence in the environment; linked to immune, liver, and reproductive system effects.
Plain-Language Explanation: A group of synthetic chemicals known as 'forever chemicals' because they don’t break down easily — linked to health risks.
Why It Matters: Widespread and persistent — knowing your exposure level helps guide filtration and health decisions.
Other Names Used: Forever Chemicals
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Health Goal, Activated Carbon Filter, Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 31434062 – “Health effects of exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)”
PH LEVEL
Scientific Definition: A scale from 0 to 14 measuring acidity or alkalinity in water; 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic.
Plain-Language Explanation: A number showing whether water is acidic or alkaline — 7 is neutral, below is acidic, above is alkaline.
Why It Matters: Effects corrosion, taste, and claims about alkaline water — understanding it cuts through hydration myths.
Other Names Used: Acidity/Alkalinity Measure
Associated Terms: pH Test Kit / pH Drops, Alkaline Water
PH TEST KIT / PH DROPS
Scientific Definition: Tools used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of water, typically involving a chemical reaction that changes color.
Plain-Language Explanation: Tools you can use at home to test your water’s acidity or alkalinity.
Why It Matters: Let you see your water’s pH at home — useful when evaluating bottled or filtered water.
Associated Terms: pH Level, Alkaline Water
PITCHER FILTER
Scientific Definition: A portable water filtration unit housed in a jug or pitcher, typically using carbon filters to reduce chlorine and sediment.
Plain-Language Explanation: A water filter built into a jug or pitcher — convenient for everyday use at home.
Why It Matters: An easy and affordable way to improve tap water — helps reduce chlorine, lead, or bad taste.
Associated Terms: Filtration, Portable Filters
PLASTIC WASTE
Scientific Definition: Discarded plastic materials, such as bottles and packaging, which contribute to environmental pollution and can contaminate water sources.
Plain-Language Explanation: Leftover plastic from bottles and packaging — a major environmental problem tied to bottled water and pollution.
Why It Matters: Major environmental issue — awareness encourages reusable bottles and sustainable hydration habits.
Associated Terms: Microplastics, Reusable Bottles, Sustainable Hydration
PORTABLE FILTERS
Scientific Definition: Compact filtration devices designed for use on the go, often used in travel, hiking, or emergency situations.
Plain-Language Explanation: Small, travel-friendly filters used for hiking, emergencies, or filtering tap water on the go.
Why It Matters: Great for travel or emergencies — helps you stay hydrated and safe anywhere.
Associated Terms: Filtration, Pitcher Filter, Portable Filters
POST-FILTRATION
Scientific Definition: The final stage in a multi-stage filtration process, designed to polish or enhance water just before it is dispensed.
Plain-Language Explanation: The last stage of a water filter system — often used to polish water before it reaches your tap.
Why It Matters: Refines your water right before use — important for polishing taste or removing final contaminants.
Associated Terms: Filtration, Post-filtration, Under-Sink Filter
PRE-FILTRATION
Scientific Definition: The initial step in water treatment systems that removes larger particles to protect finer downstream filters from clogging.
Plain-Language Explanation: The first step in a multi-stage filter system — removes large particles to protect other filters.
Why It Matters: Protects more sensitive filters from clogging — key for long-lasting and effective systems.
Other Names Used: Sediment Pre-Filter
Associated Terms: Filtration, Sediment Filter, Whole House Filter
PUBLIC HEALTH GOAL
Scientific Definition: A health-based contaminant limit, often set at a zero-risk level for carcinogens or other toxic substances, used for advisory purposes.
Plain-Language Explanation: A science-based goal for safe water — set at a level where no known health risk exists, even if it’s not enforceable.
Why It Matters: Stricter than legal limits — gives families a safer benchmark for choosing filters and water.
Other Names Used: PHG (California)
Associated Terms: MCLG, Health Goal
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM (PWS)
Scientific Definition: A system that supplies water to at least 15 service connections or 25 individuals, regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act.
Plain-Language Explanation: A utility that supplies water to homes and businesses — regulated by federal and state safety standards.
Why It Matters: Knowing who provides your water helps you track safety reports and get support if needed.
Other Names Used: Municipal Water Provider
Associated Terms: Local Water Provider, Public Water System ID (PWSID)
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM ID (PWSID)
Scientific Definition: A unique identifier assigned to each public water system in the U.S. for tracking monitoring and compliance data.
Plain-Language Explanation: A unique number that identifies your local water supplier in official reports.
Why It Matters: Lets you find your water report — helpful for looking up safety records and test results.
Associated Terms: Public Water System (PWS)
PURIFIED WATER
Scientific Definition: Water that has been mechanically filtered or processed to remove impurities, including dissolved solids, chemicals, and biological contaminants. Meets strict standards of purity set by the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other regulatory bodies.
Plain-Language Explanation: Extra-clean water that’s been treated to remove almost everything — like minerals, metals, and germs.
Why It Matters: While purified water offers consistency and peace of mind, especially in medical or sensitive-use settings, the removal of minerals may limit the water’s ability to support optimal hydration and nutrient absorption.
Other Names Used: Deionized Water, Distilled Water (depending on the method)
Associated Terms: Filtered Water, Reverse Osmosis, Distillation
R
RADIUM-226 / RADIUM-228
Scientific Definition: Radioactive isotopes naturally found in groundwater; long-term exposure can increase the risk of bone cancer and other health effects.
Plain-Language Explanation: Radioactive elements that can be found in groundwater — long-term exposure may increase cancer risk.
Why It Matters: Radioactive elements with long-term risks — knowing if they’re present helps you act early.
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Health Goal, Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), Radium-226 / Radium-228
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 20040988 – “Health implications of exposure to naturally occurring radionuclides in drinking water”
RADON
Scientific Definition: A naturally occurring radioactive gas produced by the decay of uranium in soil and rock; dissolves into groundwater and can accumulate in homes through water use and soil gas intrusion.
Plain-Language Explanation: An invisible, odorless radioactive gas that enters homes through well water and soil. When water is used for showering or washing, radon escapes into indoor air where it can be inhaled.
Why It Matters: Second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking, causing 21,000 deaths annually. Risk comes primarily from inhaling radon released from water during showers - bathroom concentrations can be 40-100 times higher than living areas. More common in wells in granite areas of Northeast, Appalachians, and Rocky Mountains. Unlike other water contaminants, the danger is mainly from breathing it, not drinking it.
Other Names Used: Rn-222, Radon-222
Associated Terms: Uranium, Radium-226 / Radium-228, Well Water
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 19928965 -- "Radon in drinking water and risk of stomach cancer"
RAW WATER
Scientific Definition: Untreated surface or groundwater before it enters a water treatment facility; may contain microorganisms, sediment, and chemicals.
Plain-Language Explanation:Water in its natural state, before it’s been filtered or treated.
Why It Matters: Water that hasn’t been treated — may contain natural or man-made contaminants. Requires testing before use.
Associated Terms: Surface Water, Ground Water, Water Treatment
REFRIGERATOR-FILTERED WATER
Scientific Definition: Water that passes through a built-in filter in a refrigerator, typically removing chlorine, sediment, and basic contaminants.
Plain-Language Explanation:Tap water that’s filtered through a built-in fridge system — may reduce basic contaminants like chlorine or sediment.
Why It Matters: Adds convenience but may be limited in protection — helpful to understand when to upgrade your filter.
Associated Terms: Filtration, Under-Sink Filter
REMINERALIZATION CARTRIDGE
Scientific Definition: A post-treatment filter that adds essential minerals like calcium and magnesium back into purified water.
Plain-Language Explanation: A filter that adds healthy minerals back into purified water — used after reverse osmosis or distillation.
Why It Matters: Adds healthy minerals back into very pure water — supports hydration, taste, and balance.
Associated Terms: Remineralized Water, Mineral Water
REMINERALIZED WATER
Scientific Definition: Purified water that has been supplemented with minerals to improve taste and support biological function.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water that has had beneficial minerals like calcium or magnesium added back in after purification.
Why It Matters: Balances purity with beneficial minerals — ideal for hydration that feels natural and tastes great.
Associated Terms: Remineralization Cartridge, Filtered Water
REUSABLE BOTTLES
Scientific Definition: Containers designed for multiple uses, often made from stainless steel or BPA-free plastic, used to reduce single-use plastic waste.
Plain-Language Explanation: Eco-friendly bottles you can refill — help reduce plastic waste from single-use bottled water.
Why It Matters: A simple switch that reduces plastic waste and supports daily hydration on the go.
Associated Terms: Plastic Waste, Sustainable Hydration, Portable Filters
REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO)
Scientific Definition: A water purification process where water is forced through a semi-permeable membrane, removing most contaminants including dissolved solids.
Plain-Language Explanation: A powerful water purification method that removes most contaminants — often used in home systems.
Why It Matters: Highly effective for removing most contaminants — important for those needing pure water at home.
Other Names Used: RO Filtration
Associated Terms: Filtered Water, RO
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 30127575 – “Evaluation of reverse osmosis drinking water treatment systems for trace contaminants”
RUNOFF
Scientific Definition: Water from rain or snowmelt that flows over land surfaces, potentially collecting pollutants before entering water sources.
Plain-Language Explanation: Rainwater or melted snow that flows over the ground — can carry pollutants into rivers, lakes, or wells.
Why It Matters: Can carry harmful pollutants into drinking water sources — awareness promotes protection and sustainable habits.
Associated Terms: Groundwater, Surface Water
S
SAFE DRINKING WATER HOTLINE (EPA HOTLINE)
Scientific Definition: A resource for public inquiries related to drinking water regulations, safety, and testing maintained by the EPA.
Plain-Language Explanation: A toll-free number from the EPA where you can ask questions about water quality and safety.
Why It Matters: Gives you expert guidance — valuable for families with water safety questions or concerns.
Associated Terms: EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline
SECONDARY STANDARDS
Scientific Definition: Non-enforceable federal guidelines set by the EPA for contaminants that cause aesthetic issues (taste, odor, color, staining) rather than health risks, recommended but not required for public water systems.
Plain-Language Explanation: EPA guidelines for substances that make water unpleasant but not unsafe - like iron that stains laundry orange, sulfur that smells like rotten eggs, or manganese that turns water black.
Why It Matters: Explains why your water might taste metallic, smell like rotten eggs, or stain your fixtures even though it passes safety tests. These aesthetic issues don't pose health risks but can indicate other problems, damage plumbing over time, or make water so unpleasant you avoid drinking it. Since utilities aren't required to address these issues, understanding them helps you decide if home treatment is worth the investment.
Other Names Used: Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCLs), Aesthetic Standards, Nuisance Contaminants
Associated Terms: Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), Water Quality Standards, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
SEDIMENT FILTER
Scientific Definition: A filtration component that removes suspended solids such as sand, silt, and rust particles from water.
Plain-Language Explanation: A basic filter that removes visible particles like sand, dirt, or rust from water.
Why It Matters: Traps dirt, rust, and large particles — essential for protecting your water system and health.
Associated Terms: EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline
SERVICE LINE
Scientific Definition: The pipe connecting a property's plumbing to the public water main, consisting of two portions: utility-owned (from main to meter/property line) and customer-owned (from meter/property line to home).
Plain-Language Explanation: The underground pipe that brings water from the main line in the street to your home. The utility owns the portion to your water meter or property line; you own the rest to your house.
Why It Matters: This is where lead pipes are most commonly found in homes built before 1986, representing the primary source of lead contamination in drinking water. You own the portion from the meter to your house, making you financially responsible for replacement. Partial replacement by utilities can temporarily increase lead exposure by disturbing protective mineral scale inside pipes. Understanding ownership helps explain why some neighbors have lead problems while others don't.
Other Names Used: Water Service Line, Lead Service Line (LSL), Lateral Line, Supply Line
Associated Terms: Lead, Public Water System, Local Water Provider, Water Meter
SHOWER FILTER
Scientific Definition: A device attached to a showerhead that removes chlorine and sediment, improving water quality for skin and hair.
Plain-Language Explanation: A filter for your showerhead — helps reduce chlorine and improve water feel on your skin and hair.
Why It Matters: Improves skin and hair comfort — especially useful in areas with high chlorine or hard water.
Associated Terms: Filtration, Pre-filtration, Water Softener
SOFT WATER / HARD WATER
Scientific Definition: Soft water contains low levels of calcium and magnesium; hard water contains higher levels that can lead to scale buildup.
Plain-Language Explanation: Soft water has fewer minerals like calcium and magnesium. Hard water leaves residue and can be tough on appliances.
Why It Matters: Affects appliances, pipes, and your skin — knowing your water type helps guide smart treatment choices.
Other Names Used: Water Hardness Classification
Associated Terms: Hardness (Water), Water Softener
SOURCE WATER
Scientific Definition: Water from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, or aquifers that serves as the origin for a public drinking water supply.
Plain-Language Explanation: The original source of your drinking water — like a river, lake, reservoir, or underground aquifer.
Why It Matters: Knowing where your water comes from helps you understand the risks and what kind of treatment it needs.
Associated Terms: Surface Water, Source Water
SPARKLING WATER
Scientific Definition: Water infused with carbon dioxide gas under pressure, either naturally occurring or artificially added.
Plain-Language Explanation: Carbonated water that has bubbles — may be naturally carbonated or artificially infused with CO₂.
Why It Matters: Fun and refreshing — but not a replacement for plain water when it comes to deep hydration.
Associated Terms: CO₂, Bottled Water
SPRING WATER
Scientific Definition: Water that flows naturally to the earth’s surface from underground sources; typically contains natural minerals and may be bottled at the source.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water that flows naturally from the ground — often bottled at the source and may contain natural minerals.
Why It Matters: Natural and often rich in minerals — understanding how it’s collected helps you choose quality options.
Other Names Used: Natural Spring Water
Associated Terms: Source Water, Groundwater
STATE WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD (STATE WATER BOARD)
Scientific Definition: California's authority overseeing water quality, including enforcement of drinking water regulations and public health standards.
Plain-Language Explanation: California’s agency for protecting and regulating water quality — oversees local water systems.
Why It Matters: Oversees water safety in California — their actions affect local reports and responses.
Associated Terms: Public Water System, Water Utility
STRUCTURED WATER
Scientific Definition: A term used to describe water with altered molecular structure or energetic properties; not scientifically validated in mainstream research.
Plain-Language Explanation: A controversial term for water that’s been changed at a molecular level — not supported by mainstream science.
Why It Matters: Not backed by science — knowing the facts helps you avoid misleading hydration claims.
Other Names Used: Hexagonal Water
Associated Terms: Electrolysis, pH Level
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 33276975 – “Structural properties of water and their role in biological systems” (Note: limited consensus)
SURFACE WATER
Scientific Definition: Water that collects on the surface of the earth, such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, and is vulnerable to pollution and runoff.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs — usually treated before becoming tap water.
Why It Matters: Exposed to pollution and runoff — knowing if your water comes from here informs your filter needs.
Other Names Used: Above-Ground Water Source
Associated Terms: Source Water, Runoff
SUSTAINABLE HYDRATION
Scientific Definition: A hydration approach that prioritizes both personal health and environmental impact by reducing reliance on single-use plastics, promoting refillable containers, and supporting clean, equitable water access.
Plain-Language Explanation: Drinking water in ways that are good for your health and the planet — like reducing plastic waste and choosing refillable options.
Why It Matters: Encourages water habits that support your health and the environment — like reducing plastic waste and choosing reusable, refillable options.
Associated Terms: Plastic Waste, Reusable Bottles, Water Scarcity
T
TAP WATER
Scientific Definition: Water supplied to homes and businesses through municipal systems, treated to meet federal and state safety standards.
Plain-Language Explanation: The water that comes out of your faucet — usually treated by your local utility and tested for safety.
Why It Matters: Your most accessible hydration source — understanding its quality helps you decide if filtration is needed.
Associated Terms: Tap Water, Municipal Water
TDS METER
Scientific Definition: An electronic device that measures Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in water, expressed in parts per million (ppm).
Plain-Language Explanation: A small device that measures the amount of dissolved minerals and salts in water — helps assess basic water quality.
Why It Matters: Helps you quickly check your water’s mineral levels — useful for comparing filtered, bottled, or purified water.
Associated Terms: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Water Hardness Test Kit
TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
Scientific Definition: A broad class of bacteria found in the environment; their presence in water may indicate the potential for pathogens.
Plain-Language Explanation: A group of bacteria used to check whether drinking water might be contaminated — a warning sign of possible water problems.
Why It Matters: A general sign of possible contamination — understanding this helps assess water safety.
Other Names Used: Indicator Bacteria
Associated Terms: E. coli, Fecal Coliform, Cryptosporidium
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 19053859 – “Coliform bacteria as indicators of microbiological water quality”
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)
Scientific Definition: The sum concentration of all organic and inorganic substances dissolved in water, including minerals, salts, and metals; commonly measured in parts per million (ppm).
Plain-Language Explanation: The total amount of minerals and salts in your water — can affect taste, but not all solids are bad. Some are healthy, others may need filtering.
Why It Matters: Knowing your TDS level helps you understand water quality — high TDS may affect taste, while very low TDS could mean missing minerals.
Other Names Used: Total Mineral Content, Solute Load
Associated Terms: Parts Per Million (ppm), Total Coliform Bacteria
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 19193315 – “Health effects of drinking water with high levels of total dissolved solids
TOTAL TRIHALOMETHANES (TTHMS)
Scientific Definition: A group of four chemical byproducts formed when chlorine disinfectants react with organic matter in water.
Plain-Language Explanation: Byproducts formed when chlorine disinfects water — long-term exposure may carry health risks.
Why It Matters: Byproducts that may increase cancer risk — awareness helps guide filter choices in chlorinated systems.
Other Names Used: Chlorination Byproducts
Associated Terms: Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), Haloacetic Acids (HAA5), Chlorine, Contaminant
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 16387588 – “Health effects from exposure to chlorination by-products in drinking water”
TREATMENT TECHNIQUE (TT)
Scientific Definition: A required process or set of procedures water systems must follow to reduce health risks from contaminants when no MCL exists.
Plain-Language Explanation: A required method that water systems must use to control certain contaminants when setting a specific limit isn't practical.
Why It Matters: Tells you if the water utility is using the right method — helps you monitor water safety compliance.
Associated Terms: Water Quality Standards, MCL
TURBIDITY
Scientific Definition: The cloudiness or haziness of water caused by suspended solids; used as an indicator of water quality and filtration performance.
Plain-Language Explanation: How cloudy or clear your water looks — high turbidity can hide harmful germs and reduce treatment effectiveness.
Why It Matters: Cloudy water may signal contaminants — high turbidity can interfere with disinfection and reduce safety.
Other Names Used: Cloudiness, Water Clarity Measure
Associated Terms: Turbidity, Water Quality Standards
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 17144301 – “Turbidity as a surrogate for microbial contamination in drinking water”
U
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS)
Scientific Definition: A scientific agency of the U.S. government that studies landscape, natural resources, and water systems, including groundwater mapping.
Plain-Language Explanation: A federal agency that studies natural resources, including the quality and movement of water in the U.S.
Why It Matters: Provides important research and mapping of water resources — supports scientific understanding of your water source.
Other Names Used: USGS
Associated Terms: Source Water, Aquifer
UNDER-SINK FILTER
Scientific Definition: A water filtration system installed beneath a sink, typically providing multi-stage treatment for drinking and cooking water.
Plain-Language Explanation: A water filter installed beneath your kitchen sink — often provides multi-stage filtration for drinking water.
Why It Matters: Provides high-quality filtration at the point of use — helps ensure safer, better-tasting water for cooking and drinking.
Associated Terms: Post-filtration, Pre-filtration, Filtration
URANIUM
Scientific Definition: A naturally radioactive element that can enter groundwater; long-term exposure can damage kidneys and increase cancer risk.
Plain-Language Explanation: A radioactive element that can be found in some groundwater — long-term exposure may increase cancer risk.
Why It Matters: A radioactive contaminant that can affect kidneys and increase cancer risk — knowing its level guides safe water use.
Other Names Used: U (chemical symbol)
Associated Terms: Contaminant, Health Goal, Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), Radium-226 / Radium-228
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 12361945 – “Uranium exposure and public health in the United States”
V
VIOLATION NOTICE
Scientific Definition: An official document issued when a water system fails to comply with a regulation, such as exceeding contaminant levels or missing tests.
Plain-Language Explanation: An official alert from your water supplier that safety testing wasn’t done properly or that water quality didn’t meet standards.
Why It Matters: Signals that safety rules weren’t followed — helps you act quickly and know when your water may need further attention.
Associated Terms: MCL, Monitoring Violation
VOCs (VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS)
Scientific Definition: A class of carbon-containing chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature, including industrial solvents, fuel components, and degreasers that contaminate water supplies through spills, leaks, and improper disposal.
Plain-Language Explanation: Cancer-causing chemicals from gasoline, dry cleaning fluid, degreasers, and paint thinners that evaporate quickly from water into air. Common ones include benzene, TCE, PCE, and MTBE.
Why It Matters: Many cause cancer, liver damage, kidney problems, or nervous system effects even at very low concentrations. The risk multiplies during hot showers as these chemicals vaporize and concentrate in bathroom air at levels 6-80 times higher than in the water itself. More common near gas stations, dry cleaners, industrial sites, and landfills. Unlike many contaminants, you might smell these (gasoline or solvent odors) before they reach dangerous levels.
Other Names Used: Organic Solvents, Volatile Organics, Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
Associated Terms: Contaminant, 1,4-Dioxane, Activated Carbon Filter
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 22030106 -- "Volatile organic compounds in drinking water and adverse health effects"
W
WATER
Scientific Definition: A chemical compound (H₂O) essential for life, involved in temperature regulation, nutrient transport, and countless biological processes.
Plain-Language Explanation: A vital resource that supports every system in your body — clean, hydrating water is essential for health and daily function.
Why It Matters: The foundation of health — understanding its quality and role helps build lifelong hydration habits.
Associated Terms: Public Water System, Source Water
WATER FOOTPRINT
Scientific Definition: A measurement of the total volume of freshwater used to produce goods or services, including direct and indirect water use.
Plain-Language Explanation: The total amount of water used to produce something — including the water behind food, clothes, and energy.
Why It Matters: Raises awareness about how much water goes into everyday products — supports more conscious choices.
Associated Terms: Sustainable Hydration, Water Scarcity
WATER HARDNESS TEST KIT
Scientific Definition: A tool used to measure the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water, usually reported in grains per gallon or ppm.
Plain-Language Explanation: A simple tool to check how much calcium and magnesium are in your water — tells you if it’s hard or soft.
Why It Matters: Helps you understand if your water may cause buildup, skin dryness, or appliance wear.
Associated Terms: Hardness (Water), TDS Meter
WATER IONIZER
Scientific Definition: A device that uses electrolysis to separate water into alkaline and acidic streams, often used to produce high-pH water.
Plain-Language Explanation: A machine that uses electricity to change water’s pH and sometimes add hydrogen — often used in wellness routines.
Why It Matters: Often marketed for health — knowing how it works helps you decide if it fits your hydration goals.
Other Names Used: Alkaline Water Machine, Electrolysis Device
Associated Terms: Hydrogen Water, Electrolysis
WATER METER
Scientific Definition: A device that measures the volume of water flowing through a pipe in cubic feet or gallons, used by utilities to track consumption for billing and system management.
Plain-Language Explanation: The device that measures how much water you use, typically located near the curb in a covered box or in your basement. It tracks usage in gallons or cubic feet for your water bill.
Why It Matters: Your primary tool for detecting hidden leaks that can waste thousands of gallons and hundreds of dollars monthly - a running toilet alone can waste 200 gallons daily. Understanding how to read it helps verify billing accuracy and catch problems early. The meter location marks the legal boundary between utility and homeowner responsibility for pipe maintenance and repairs. Smart meters can now detect unusual usage patterns and potentially alert you to leaks before they become expensive problems.
Other Names Used: Water Usage Meter, Flow Meter, Service Meter
Associated Terms: Service Line, Local Water Provider, Water Utility
WATER QUALITY ASSOCIATION (WQA)
Scientific Definition: A nonprofit trade association that offers education, certification, and product testing for water treatment professionals and technologies.
Plain-Language Explanation: A nonprofit organization that certifies water filters and supports safe water practices.
Why It Matters: Their certifications help you choose filters that actually meet performance and safety standards.
Associated Terms: NSF Certification
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Scientific Definition: Legally enforceable limits and guidelines established by the EPA or local agencies for safe levels of contaminants in drinking water.
Plain-Language Explanation: Government-set limits for what can safely be in your drinking water — used to protect public health.`
Why It Matters: Set legal and health guidelines for safe water — important for interpreting test results and system performance.
Other Names Used: Drinking Water Regulations
Associated Terms: MCL, PHG, EPA
WATER SCARCITY
Scientific Definition: A situation where water demand exceeds available supply, often due to drought, overuse, or inadequate infrastructure.
Plain-Language Explanation: When clean water isn’t available in enough supply — affects communities, agriculture, and ecosystems.
Why It Matters: A global concern — understanding it helps promote smart water use and sustainability.
Other Names Used: Water Stress, Water Shortage
Associated Terms: Water Footprint, Sustainable Hydration, Climate Change
WATER SOFTENER
Scientific Definition: A system that removes hardness minerals (mainly calcium and magnesium) from water using ion exchange resin and salt.
Plain-Language Explanation: A system that removes hardness minerals like calcium and magnesium — helps prevent scale buildup in pipes and appliances.
Why It Matters: Protects appliances and pipes from mineral buildup — knowing if you need one depends on your water hardness.
Other Names Used: Ion Exchange Softener
Associated Terms: Pre-filtration, Sediment Filter
WATER STEWARDSHIP
Scientific Definition: The responsible use and management of water resources to ensure long-term sustainability for people and ecosystems.
Plain-Language Explanation: Caring for water as a limited and shared resource — includes conservation, protection, and education.
Why It Matters: Encourages responsible water use — helps ensure clean water for future generations.
Associated Terms: Sustainable Hydration, Water Footprint
WATER TREATMENT
Scientific Definition: A series of physical, chemical, and/or biological processes used to improve water quality by removing contaminants, pathogens, and undesirable characteristics, making it suitable for its intended use — whether for drinking, industrial, or environmental applications.
Plain-Language Explanation: Cleaning water to make it safer for drinking or other uses — by filtering out germs, chemicals, and other harmful stuff.
Why It Matters: Most tap water goes through treatment before reaching your home — but not all treatment is equal. Knowing what type of treatment was used helps you decide if extra filtration is needed.
Other Names Used: Water Purification
Associated Terms: Filtration, Disinfection, Coagulation & Flocculation
WATER UTILITY
Scientific Definition: An organization, typically municipal or private, responsible for delivering safe and reliable drinking water to consumers.
Plain-Language Explanation: Your local water supplier — the organization responsible for delivering clean tap water to your home.
Why It Matters: Your go-to resource for water reports and questions — knowing who they are puts you in control.
Associated Terms: Public Water System, Local Water Provider
WELL WATER
Scientific Definition: Water sourced from an underground aquifer via a private or public well; not always subject to the same regulations as municipal water.
Plain-Language Explanation: Water that comes from a private or community well — usually pulled from underground and not always treated by a utility.
Why It Matters: Not regulated like city water — knowing your well’s quality helps you protect your health with the right tests or filters.
Associated Terms: Aquifer, Groundwater
Science-Backed Studies?: ✅ Yes, example: PMID: 21563600 – “Drinking water quality in private wells in the United States”
WHOLE HOUSE FILTER
Scientific Definition: A filtration system connected at the point of entry to treat all water entering a home, covering both drinking and household use.
Plain-Language Explanation: A filtration system connected to your home’s main water line — cleans all water before it reaches faucets or appliances.
Why It Matters: Filters all the water in your home — helpful for protecting skin, pipes, and overall water safety.
Other Names Used: Point-of-Entry Filter
Associated Terms: Filtration, Whole House Filter, Pre-filtration
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
Scientific Definition: A specialized agency of the United Nations that establishes international health standards, including drinking water quality guidelines.
Plain-Language Explanation: An international health agency that sets global guidelines for safe drinking water and sanitation.
Why It Matters: Sets global water safety guidelines — supports international consistency and high standards for drinking water.
Associated Terms: EPA, WHO
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